Holothuroidea |
Synallactida |
Stichopodidae
环境：氛围 / 气候带 / 深度上下限 / 分布范围
生态学
礁区鱼类; 深度上下限 0 - 50 m (参考文献 800). Tropical; 31°N - 25°S, 31°E - 134°W
Indo-Pacific excluding Hawaii.
首次成熟时的长度 / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
成熟度: Lm ?, range 30 - ? cm Max length : 80.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (参考文献 122); common length : 45.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (参考文献 122); 最大体重: 7.0 kg (参考文献 122)
Mean live weight: 2500-7000 g. Body-wall thickness: 0.15 cm. Body firm, rigid, flattened ventrally (trivium). Bivium entirely covered with characteristic, large, leaf-shaped, lobate papillae. Trivium with brown to pink podia, more numerous on the radii, their disc about 0.04 cm in diameter, Mouth ventral, surrounded by a circle of conical papillae which are larger on dorsal side, and 20 large, brown tentacles. Anus terminal. Calcareous ring with large radial pieces and narrow interradials. Cuvierian tubules absent. Color variable on bivium, reddish orange to brown; trivium generally red; mature gonads deep purple. Spicules on tegument with cross-shaped spicules, spiny branched spicules (sometimes with median pillar), perforated plates, pseudo-tables, and grains; branched spicules larger in dorsal tegument and papillae; ventral podia with branched spicules, long rods, and large, multiperforated plates; tentacles with characteristic branched spicules, in form of a "rose-window".
Populations not reaching very high densities, with a mean of around 0.003 per square meter. Harvested by hand. Collected by skin diving or using diving gear (if not banned), making the populations very vulnerable, due to overexploitation. The processed product is of major quality and the demand is still high (Ref. 122). Maximum depth from Ref. 122154. A common reef species mostly found from near the surface to a depth of 25 m; generally occurs on hard bottoms, large rubble and coral patches, on reef slopes and near passes. Symbiotic pearlfish (Carapidae, Ophidiiformes) are often found in its general cavity (Ref. 122); common on exposed sandy bottoms or rubble areas of the reef fringe from 10 to 30 m (Ref. 800). Also found on seagrass (Ref. 122153). Associated with commensal pearlfish that live in the body cavity (Ref. 800). This is also found in lagoons at depths up to 30 m on clean sandy bottoms or on slabs near large coral heads. It feeds exclusively on calcareous alga Halimeda sp. (Ref. 118).
生命周期和交配行为
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Sexual reproduction takes places during warm season. A species with a low potential fecundity and late sexual maturity.
主要参考文献
参考文献 | 合作者 | 合作者
Conand, C. 1998 Holothurians (sea cucumbers, Class Holothuroidea). p. 1157-1190. In Carpenter, K.E. and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 2. Cephalopods, crustaceans, holothurians and sharks. FAO Rome. (参考文献 122)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书
(参考文献 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
濒危 (EN) (A2bd); Date assessed: 18 May 2010
Not Evaluated
对人类的威胁
Harmless
人类利用
渔业: 高经济性
FAO - 渔业: landings search; Publication: search | FishSource |
工具
网络资源
基于模型的估算
渔业脆弱性
(参考文献 71543) |
Moderate to high vulnerability (52 of 100). |
价格分类
(参考文献 80766): |
Unknown. |
