Aves |
Charadriiformes |
Laridae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / djupintervall / distribution range
Ekologi
Pelagiska; djupintervall 0 - 2 m (Ref. 119695). Tropical; 34°N - 47°S, 180°W - 180°E
Indo-Pacific, Atlantic and Antarctic Indian Ocean.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Könsmognad: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 45.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 8812); publicerad maxvikt: 167.00 g (Ref. 356)
Culmen: 4.16 cm; tarsus: 5.715 cm; wing: 28.1 cm.
Total Length: 40 to 45 cm; Wingspan: 79 to 86 cm (Ref. 8812, 84934). Total population is 300,000 to 500,000 pairs. Tropical populations are sedentary while subtropical populations are more dispersive (Ref. 84934). Found nearshore to <100 km offshore (Ref. 356). Breeds aseasonally and colonially on cliffs, flat beaches, bare ground, and in bushes and trees on tropical and subtropical islands (Ref. 84934, 87784). Double-brooded (Ref. 84934). Highly pelagic and gregarious. Typically in large feeding flocks far out at sea over shoals of predatory fish (Ref. 91362). Foraging behavior includes dipping and snatching food from the sea surface (Refs. 356, 84934, 87784) rarely plunge-diving or settling on water (Ref. 84934, 87784, 91362).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Enticott, J. and D. Tipling 1997 Seabirds of the World: the complete reference. Singapore: New Holland (Publishers) Ltd. 234 p. (Ref. 84934)
IUCN Red List Status
(Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
CITES status (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Human uses
| FishSource |
Verktyg
Ytterligare information
Population dynamicsTillväxtMax. ages / sizesLength-weight rel.Length-length rel.Length-frequenciesMass conversionAbundans Life cycleReproduktion
Könsmognad
Fecundity
Lek
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
PhysiologySyreförbrukning
Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
Internet-källor
Estimates based on models
Resiliens
Hög, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid mindre än 15 månader (K=9.04-38.85).
Fishing Vulnerability
Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
Price category
Unknown.