Pelecanus occidentalis, Brown pelican

Pelecanus occidentalis   Linnaeus, 1766

Brown pelican
Upload your photos 
Google image |

No photo available for this species.
No drawings available for Pelecanidae.

Classification / Names Tên thường gặp | Các synonym ( Các tên trùng) | CoL | ITIS | WoRMS

Aves | Pelecaniformes | Pelecanidae

Environment: milieu / climate zone / Mức độ sâu / distribution range Sinh thái học

.  Tropical

Distribution Các nước | Các khu vực của FAO | Các hệ sinh thái | Những lần xuất hiện | Những chỉ dẫn

Northeast Pacific and Western Central Atlantic.

Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Weight / Age

Chín muồi sinh dục: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 114 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Tài liệu tham khảo 8812); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 3.2 kg (Tài liệu tham khảo 356)

Short description Hình thái học

Culmen: 28.9 cm; tarsus: 8.0 cm; wing: 5.13.5 cm.

Sinh học     Tự điển (thí dụ epibenthic)

Wingspan: 203 cm (Ref. 8812). Occupies coastal areas (Ref. 356). Only pelican species to plunge dive for fish. Forms feeding flocks (Florida). Feeds on anchovies in southern California. New colony may form from roost (birds loafing in areas other than their nesting colony). Facultative kleptoparasitism, or food theft, by shallow-diving Band-tailed Gulls (Larus belcheri), and Laughing Gulls (Larus atricilla) that preferentially steal fish from adults; in turn, pelicans attack deeper-diving Peruvian Boobies (Sula variegata). Neck molts to brown prior to its move into its nesting colony where courtship and pair formation occurs. Exhibits communal pre-pairing; head-turning behavior during mate selection and courtship where male and female display ritually by turning their head and bill (its weapon) away from each other; pair forms at location where male advertises. May mate within hours of pairing, possibly with same mate from a previous season; first egg laid after 3-10 days. Surface-nesting species; tree-nesting. Atricial; typically lays 3 eggs that hatch asynchronously; where first hatchling is larger than siblings and will generally have monopoly over feeding; chicks thermoregulate by huddling; all 3 hatched young are raised by parent only on years when food is abundant. Chicks feed on regurgitated fish from its parents' gullets. Mortality rate of immature birds is 70% in the first 15 months. In Florida, after the breeding season, migrates both north and south from their breeding site, while those nesting farther north move to the south. Severe ENSO (El Niño) events affecting the Humboldt current caused regular collapse of huge populations (20 times in the last 100 years) due to great drop in food availability; 1982-1982 ENSO event in Peru and Ecuador caused a huge drop in population numbers (presumed to have died). Significant egg-shell thinning due to DDT pesticide exposure in the 1960s documented in southern California with notable population declines; and breeding populations disappeared widely from the southeastern US. Oil pollution cause reduction in hatchability, growth retardation, developmental defects and increased sublethal effects in chicks. Intense fishing pressures in feeding areas cause population declines due to breeding failure (Ref. 87784).

Life cycle and mating behavior Chín muồi sinh dục | Sự tái sinh sản | Đẻ trứng | Eggs | Sự sinh sản | Larvae

Main reference Các tài liệu tham khảo | Người điều phối | Người cộng tác

Stiles, F.G. 1984 Status and conservation of seabirds in Costa Rican waters. In Croxall, J.P., Evans, P.G.H. and Schreiber, R.W. (eds.), Status and Conservation of the World's Seabirds. ICBP Technical Publication 2:223-229. (Tài liệu tham khảo 5856)

IUCN Red List Status (Tài liệu tham khảo 130435: Version 2025-1)

  Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 09 August 2018

CITES status (Tài liệu tham khảo 108899)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Tài liệu tham khảo 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Human uses


| FishSource |

Các công cụ

Thêm thông tin

Sinh thái dinh dưỡng
Food items (preys)
Thành phần thức ăn
Thành phần thức ăn
Các động vật ăn mồi
Sinh thái học
Population dynamics
Sự sinh trưởng
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
Sự phong phú
Life cycle
Sự tái sinh sản
Chín muồi sinh dục
Sự sinh sản
Đẻ trứng
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
Physiology
Thành phần ô-xy

Các nguồn internet

BHL | BOLD Systems | CISTI | DiscoverLife | FAO(Publication : search) | Fishipedia | GenBank (genome, nucleotide) | GloBI | Gomexsi | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | PubMed | Cây Đời sống | Wikipedia (Go, tìm) | Tạp chí Zoological Record

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 19.5 - 28.1, mean 27 (based on 1074 cells).
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref. 69278): Chiêù cao, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là dưới 15 tháng (K=26.34-29.07).
Fishing Vulnerability (Tài liệu tham khảo 71543): High to very high vulnerability (68 of 100).
Price category (Tài liệu tham khảo 80766): Unknown.