Cephalopoda |
Myopsida |
Loliginidae
Окружающая среда: среда / климатическая зона / пределы глубины / диапазон распространения
экология
донно-пелагический; пределы глубины 0 - 500 m (ссылка 275), usually 20 - 250 m (ссылка 275). Temperate; 13°C - 20°C (ссылка 2453), preferred 18°C (ссылка 107945); 60°N - 36°S, 19°W - 37°E
Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean: from North Sea and British Isles to southwest Africa and the Mediterranean.
Длина при первой зрелости / Размер / Вес / Возраст
половая зрелость: Lm 16.9, range 16 - 23 cm Max length : 64.0 cm ML самец/пол неопределен; (ссылка 417); 32 cm ML (female); наибольший вес (опубликованные данные): 1.5 kg (ссылка 275)
Paralarvae: Fins paddle-shaped, broad with short bases, fin much wider than long. Mantle broad with few large dorsal chromatophores and numerous ventral chromatophores. Head squarish with few chromatophores on dorsal surface and 12 chromatophores on ventral surface arranged in 2 cheek patches of 5 posterior to eyes and a pair between the eyes. Ventral arms with 2 aboral chromatophores. Tentacles with 4 aboral chromatophores. Tentacular clubs broad and wider than tentacular stalks. Mantle length at hatching range between mantle length 0.28 and 0.358 cm (Ref. 2489, 2490).
Juveniles and adults: Mantle muscular, cylindrical, slender and elongated posteriorly. Wide spots of red chromatophores in mantle and green/blue iridescence in posterior part of mantle. Fins rhomboid with length exceeding 50% of mantle length. Buccal membrane with 15 suckers with chitinous rings on extremity. Male's left ventral arm hectocotylized with length ranging from 15 to 33% of whole arm length. Arms with 2 rows of suckers, sucker rings with 20 teeth, distal ones large and pointed and proximal ones minute or absent. Tentacles not retractile and tentacular clubs with 4 longitudinal rows of suckers in the "manus", which in central rows are larger than marginal ones. Cartilages simple locking (Ref. 275, 1964).
Maximum life span: 1.5 to 2 years in females and 3 to 3.5 years in males (Ref. 2525). Maximum size for male, 64 cm, mantle length from Ref. 2494. Neither pelagic nor fully benthic. Inhabits circumlittoral zone and upper bottoms of bathyal systems (Ref. 2504). Exhibits benthic behavior during spawning season and pelagic behavior at other times, e.g., during hunting (Ref. 2493). Carnivorous predators (Ref. 2526); juvenile feeds on planktonic prey, e.g. copepods, mysids and euphausiids (Ref. 2525) while adult frequently feeds on fish (Ref. 2526) and sometimes on cephalopods and crustaceans.
Жизненный цикл и брачное поведение
половая зрелость | размножение | нерест | икра | Плодовитость | личинки
Members of the class Cephalopoda are gonochoric. Male and female adults usually die shortly after spawning and brooding, respectively. Mating behavior: Males perform various displays to attract potential females for copulation. During copulation, male grasp the female and inserts the hectocotylus into the female's mantle cavity where fertilization usually occurs. Life cycle: Embryos hatch into planktonic stage and live for some time before they grow larger and take up a benthic existence as adults.
Основная ссылка
ссылки | координатор | соавторы
Piatkowski, U. 2006 Loligo vulgaris. European squid. Life history species review. CEPHSTOCK: Cephalopod Stocks in European Waters. Review, Analysis, Assessment and Sustainable Management. 25 p. (ссылка 2488)
Статус Красного Списка МСОП
(ссылка 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Статус СИТЕС (ссылка 108899)
Not Evaluated
CMS (ссылка 116361)
Not Evaluated
Угроза для людей
Использование человеком
рыболовство: коммерческий
FAO - рыболовство: landings search; Publication: search | FishSource | Море вокруг нас
инструменты
дополнительная информация
Динамика численности населения ФизиологияПотребление кислорода
Связанные с человекомМарки, монеты и прочее.
Информационно-просветительская работа
ресурсы в Интернет
Оценки, основанные на моделях
устойчивость к внешним воздействиям
(Ref. 69278): |
высокий, минимальное время удвоения популяции до 15 месяцев (K=0.13-1.66; tm=0.78) |
Rate of population increase
|
Prior r = 0.39, 95% CL = 0.26 - 0.58, Based on 2 full stock assessments. |
Уязвимость рыбной ловли
(ссылка 71543) |
Low vulnerability (23 of 100). |
Климатическая уязвимость
(ссылка 125649) |
High vulnerability (61 of 100) |
Категория цены
(ссылка 80766): |
Low. |
Nutrients
|
Calcium = 126 [75, 177] mg/100g; Iron = 4.79 [1.67, 7.92] mg/100g; Protein = 15.5 [13.7, 17.4] %; Omega3 = 0.414 [0.262, 0.566] g/100g; Selenium = 57.8 [48.5, 67.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 1.97 [0.92, 3.02] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |
