Cephalopoda |
Myopsida |
Loliginidae
環境： 環境 / 氣候帶 / 深度上下限 / 配送範圍
生態學
居於水底的; 深度上下限 0 - 630 m (參考文獻 101472), usually 20 - 200 m (參考文獻 275). Subtropical; 62°N - 20°N, 18°W - 37°E (參考文獻 107401)
Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean: In the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean between 20° and 60° N.
初熟時的長度 / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm 7.8, range 3 - 12.8 cm Max length : 21.5 cm ML 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (參考文獻 104052); 15 cm ML (female); 最大年齡: 1.00 年 (參考文獻 275)
Juveniles develop a bullet-shaped body, have paddle-shaped terminal fins from a simple point at the tip, and the apex later extends into a tail. Adults are typical myopsid squid, with a long muscular mantle and well-defined fins, fins originate in the posterior mantle and extend to the apex, fin width is at least 25% of ML, longest arm is 20-25% of ML, tentacles are considerably shorter than the head and mantle with narrow clubs that have pairs of central suckers attached obliquely to the club axis at an angle, suckers are biserial on the arms, and in four rows on the narrow tentacular clubs tentacle club arrangement is similar in juveniles and adults with suckers of the median rows 3-4 times larger than those of the marginal rows, median suckers are attached obliquely at a 45 degree angle, left ventral arm (IV) is hectocotylized in mature males, 6-8 pairs of proximal suckers which are unmodified and two distal longitudinal rows of fine papillae.
Max length of female from Ref. 275. Females grow bigger than males (Ref. 3722). Neritic, demersal (Ref. 104428). Common in shallow waters (Ref. 104148). Found in the continental shelf (Ref. 104149), shelf break front (Ref. 122864) and upper/middle slope (Ref. 105634). Recorded in subtidal Zostera marina meadows (Ref. 113974). Mainly feeds on small fish (Ref. 104428), also feeds on amphipods, copepods, decapods, euphausiids and mysids (Ref. 107015). Preyed upon by seabird, marine mammals, fish and squids (Ref. 104428).
生命週期和交配行為
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Members of the class Cephalopoda are gonochoric. Male and female adults usually die shortly after spawning and brooding, respectively. Mating behavior: Males perform various displays to attract potential females for copulation. During copulation, male grasp the female and inserts the hectocotylus into the female's mantle cavity where fertilization usually occurs. Life cycle: Embryos hatch into planktonic stage and live for some time before they grow larger and take up a benthic existence as adults (Ref. 833). Males mature earlier than females (Ref. 104428).
主要參考資料
參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者
Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen 1984 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 3. Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(3):277p. Rome: FAO. (參考文獻 275)
IUCN 瀕危狀態
(參考文獻 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
CITES狀態 (參考文獻 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
對人類具威脅
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
FAO - Publication: search | FishSource |
工具
網路資源
基於模型的估計
回復力
(Ref. 69278): |
中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.2-0.27; tmax=1) |
釣魚的脆弱性
(參考文獻 71543) |
Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100). |
價格種類
(參考文獻 80766): |
High. |
