Gastropoda |
Littorinimorpha |
Strombidae
Ambiente: milieu / zona climatica / distribuzione batimetrica / gamma di distribuzione
Ecologia
Benthic; distribuzione batimetrica 2 - 73 m (Fonte Biblio. 83934), usually ? - 30 m (Fonte Biblio. 97646). Tropical; 33°N - 2°S, 98°W - 45°W
Western Atlantic: South Carolina, USA to Tamaulipas, Mexico, south to Brazil.
Lunghezza alla prima maturità / Dimensione / Peso / Età
Maturità: Lm ?, range 2 - ? cm Max length : 30.0 cm SHL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Fonte Biblio. 105315); peso massimo pubblicato: 3.3 kg (Fonte Biblio. 105296); Età massima riportata: 30 anni (Fonte Biblio. 126618)
Shell large, with relatively large spire, flared outer lip with posterior expansion projecting well beyond spire length. Spire taller than other species in genus. Sculpture of sharp knobs along shoulder. Colour: pale tan with thin brown periostracum. Internal shell colour deep pink.
The fisheries have grown exponentially in the last 30 years, with resulting declines in population and area closures. The species has been included on appendix 2 of CITES (Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species). International trade is allowed only from nations in which the populations of the species are not under threat from commercial fishing (Ref. 355). Maximum weight from Ref. 97674 cited in Ref. 105296. This species is found intertidal and offshore, on coral reefs, particularly on algae, coral sand, and seagrass habitats (Refs. 355, 83934). Adults prefer sandy algal flats; also found on gravel, coral rubble, smooth hard coral and beach rock bottoms. Rarely on soft bottoms of mud and/or silt. Benthic grazer. Feeds on diatoms, seagrass detritus, and various algae and epiphytes. Nocturnal (Refs. 105087, 127891) (Ref. 355).
Copulation may precede spawning. Spawning occurs on a type of calcareous sand formed from the fragmentation of coral reefs, including large quantities of calcareous skeletal remains from small molluscs and calcareous algae. Females deposit the egg mass on the substrate (Ref. 105320). Life cycle: Eggs hatch into veligers after 3-5 days which feed on phytoplankton; after 21 days they undergo metamorphosis (juvenile stage) where they remain buried in the sand and emerge in seagrass beds to feed; adults return to the shallow inshore waters to spawn.
Leal, J.H. 2003 Gastropods. p. 99-147. In Carpenter, K.E. (ed.). The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 1: Introduction, molluscs, crustaceans, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes, and chimaeras. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. 1600p. (Fonte Biblio. 355)
Stato della Lista Rossa IUCN
(Fonte Biblio. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Stato della CITES (Fonte Biblio. 108899)
CMS (Fonte Biblio. 116361)
Not Evaluated
Minaccia per l'uomo
Usi umani
Pesca: elevato interesse commerciale
FAO - Publication: search | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | Sea Around Us
Strumenti
Informazioni ulteriori
Dinamica della popolazione FisiologiaConsumo di ossigeno
Legato all'uomoFrancobolli, monete, materiale vario.
Fonti Internet
Stime basate su modelli
Resilienza
(Ref. 69278): |
Medio, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 1.4 - 4.4 anni (K=0.25-0.71; tm=3-4; tmax=30) |
Rate of population increase
|
Prior r = 0.97, 95% CL = 0.64 - 1.45, Based on 4 data-limited stock assessments. |
Vulnerabilità della pesca
(Fonte Biblio. 71543) |
Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100). |
Categoria di prezzo
(Fonte Biblio. 80766): |
Medium. |
Nutrients
|
Calcium = 126 [75, 177] mg/100g; Iron = 4.79 [1.67, 7.92] mg/100g; Protein = 15.9 [14.8, 16.9] %; Omega3 = 0.331 [0.263, 0.400] g/100g; Selenium = 57.8 [48.5, 67.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 1.97 [0.92, 3.02] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |
