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Non-breeding individuals frequent on freshwater, marine and artificial wetlands such as swamps, open muddy or rocky shores of lakes and large rivers, salt marshes, sandy or muddy coastal flats, mangroves, estuaries, lagoons and pools on tidal reefs. They feed on insects, spiders, annelids, molluscs and crustaceans (amphipods) (Ref. 107891).
Hüppop, O., J. Dierschke, K.-M. Exo, E. Fredrich and R. Hill 2006 Bird Migration and Offshore Wind Turbines. In Ch. 9: 91-117. Köller, J., J. Köppel and W. Peters (eds.). Offshore Wind Energy, Research on Environmental Impacts. Springer: Germany. 371 pp. (参照 96348)
IUCNのレッドリストの状況は
(参照 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
