Common names from other countries
Classification / Names / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
底中水层性; 深度上下限 20 - 828 m (Ref. 8), usually 100 - 400 m (Ref. 8). 8°C - 15°C (Ref. 804), preferred 24°C (Ref. 107945); 48°N - 19°S, 98°W - 37°E
Atlantic and the Mediterranean: from USA to French Guiana, the entire Mediterranean and from Portugal to Namibia.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 2.4, range 1 - 2.8 cm Max length : 16.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 8); 19 cm TL (female); common length : 14.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 8); common length :16 cm TL (female); 最大年龄: 3.00 年 (Ref. 80253)
Demersal (Ref. 85316). Maximum depth range from Ref. 114857; minimum common depth from Ref. 80253. Maximum total length (female) from Ref. 104052 Prefers mud or muddy sand substrates (Ref. 8). Juveniles settle at around 100 m, though can be detected up to 300 m, while larger individuals are always found deeper than 350 m (Ref. 80253). Feeds on benthic organisms (clams, mysids and small crangonids; Ref. 434). Also occurs in pelagic depths between 100 to 200 m (Ref. 92299). Opportunistic predator (Ref. 112170).
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
The species has a life cycle of 2 to 3 years (Ref. 80253). Mating behavior: Precopulatory courtship ritual is common (through olfactory and tactile cues); usually indirect sperm transfer (Ref. 833).
主要参考文献
参考文献 | 合作者 | 合作者
Holthuis, L.B. 1980. (Ref. 8)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
人类利用
渔业: 商业性
FAO - 渔业: landings, 物种外形 | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | 周边海洋
工具
网络资源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 9.4 - 19.5, mean 14 (based on 393 cells).
回复力
高度, 族群倍增时间少于 15个月 (K=0.44-2; tm=0.6; tmax=3).
Prior r = 1.40, 95% CL = 0.92 - 2.10, Based on 15 full stock assessments.
脆弱性
Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
