Common names from other countries
Classification / Names / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
底中水層性; 深度上下限 20 - 828 m (Ref. 8), usually 100 - 400 m (Ref. 8). 8°C - 15°C (Ref. 804), preferred 24°C (Ref. 107945); 48°N - 19°S, 98°W - 37°E
Atlantic and the Mediterranean: from USA to French Guiana, the entire Mediterranean and from Portugal to Namibia.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 2.4, range 1 - 2.8 cm Max length : 16.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 8); 19 cm TL (female); common length : 14.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 8); common length :16 cm TL (female); 最大年齡: 3.00 年 (Ref. 80253)
Demersal (Ref. 85316). Maximum depth range from Ref. 114857; minimum common depth from Ref. 80253. Maximum total length (female) from Ref. 104052 Prefers mud or muddy sand substrates (Ref. 8). Juveniles settle at around 100 m, though can be detected up to 300 m, while larger individuals are always found deeper than 350 m (Ref. 80253). Feeds on benthic organisms (clams, mysids and small crangonids; Ref. 434). Also occurs in pelagic depths between 100 to 200 m (Ref. 92299). Opportunistic predator (Ref. 112170).
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
The species has a life cycle of 2 to 3 years (Ref. 80253). Mating behavior: Precopulatory courtship ritual is common (through olfactory and tactile cues); usually indirect sperm transfer (Ref. 833).
主要參考資料
參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者
Holthuis, L.B. 1980. (Ref. 8)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
CITES狀態 (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
FAO - 漁業: landings, 魚種描繪 | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | 周邊海洋
工具
網路資源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 9.4 - 19.5, mean 14 (based on 393 cells).
回復力
高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (K=0.44-2; tm=0.6; tmax=3).
Prior r = 1.40, 95% CL = 0.92 - 2.10, Based on 15 full stock assessments.
瀕危性
Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
