| Main Ref. | Tulp, I., J. Craeymeersch, M. Leopold, C. van Damme, F. Fey and H. Verdaat, 2010 |
| To | Dutch North Sea coastal zone |
| FAO area | Atlantic, Northeast |
| From | North America |
| FAO area | |
| Year | 1979 |
| Range | |
| Period | 1975-present |
| Established in the Wild | |
| Established in Aquaculture | |
| Significant Ecological Interactions | yes - adverse |
| Significant Socio-economic Effects | |
| Introduced by | |
| Reason | ballast water |
| Other Reason | |
| Comments | Year rings from fresh shells of Ensis directus collected from Wadden Sea suggest they were born and introduced to the area 1979 (Ref. 114889). It appears to have taken the place of Spisula subtruncata in Dutch nearshore waters, and now provides a significant but unreliable food source for the native fish and birds (Ref. 114898). |