| Main Ref. | Hill, M., R. Baker, G. Broad, P.J. Chandler, G.H. Coop, J. Ellis, D. Jones, C. Hoyland, I. Laing, M. Longshaw, N. Moore, D. Parrott, D. Pearman, C. Preston, R.M. Smith and R. Waters, 2005 |
| To | Essex. |
| FAO area | Atlantic, Northeast |
| From | North America including Mexico. |
| FAO area | |
| Year | 1890 |
| Range | 1887 - 1890 |
| Period | 18th century |
| Established in the Wild | yes |
| Established in Aquaculture | rarely used |
| Significant Ecological Interactions | yes - adverse |
| Significant Socio-economic Effects | |
| Introduced by | |
| Reason | accidental |
| Other Reason | accidental with ships |
| Comments | Occasionally used in aquaculture. Strong negative impact. A serious pest in commercial native oyster beds. Introduced in association with imported oyster and clams and may also have been transported on ships' hulls and in ballast water in their pelagic larval stage. Causes habitat modification. Ref. Hill, M., R. Baker, G. Broad, P.J. Chandler, G.H. Coop, J. Ellis, D. Jones, C. Hoyland, I. Laing, M. Longshaw, N. Moore, D. Parrott, D. Pearman, C. Preston, R.M. Smith and R. Waters, 2005 |