| Main Ref. | Robinson, T.B., C.L. Griffiths, C.D. McQuaid and M. Rius, 2005 |
| To | South Africa |
| FAO area | Atlantic, Southeast |
| From | unknown |
| FAO area | |
| Year | 1955 |
| Range | |
| Period | 1950-1974 |
| Established in the Wild | yes, self reproducing |
| Established in Aquaculture | |
| Significant Ecological Interactions | unknown |
| Significant Socio-economic Effects | |
| Introduced by | |
| Reason | accidental with ships |
| Other Reason | |
| Comments | It is currently present along the entire coast where it is a dominant fouling organism. Although well-documented, ecological impacts have not been quantified. Mussel farmers spend up to R100,000 yearly in Saldanha Bay to maintain their mussel ropes free from Ciona intestinalis. Also Ref. 84114. |