| Main Ref. | Carver, C.E., A.L. Mallet and B. Vercaemer, 2006 |
| To | Not specified. |
| FAO area | Atlantic, Eastern Central |
| From | unknown |
| FAO area | |
| Year | 1994 |
| Range | |
| Period | 1975-present |
| Established in the Wild | probably no, continuous stocking |
| Established in Aquaculture | |
| Significant Ecological Interactions | unknown |
| Significant Socio-economic Effects | |
| Introduced by | unknown |
| Reason | unknown |
| Other Reason | |
| Comments | A study in 1994 suggests that despite continuous restocking, the species is unable to establish permanent populations in the warm waters of Cape Verde due it being a fundamentally cold water species. |