Aves |
Charadriiformes |
Laridae
環境： 環境 / 氣候帶 / 深度上下限 / 配送範圍
生態學
大洋性. Tropical; 35°N - 40°S (參考文獻 96995)
Indo-Pacific, Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean.
初熟時的長度 / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm ? range ? - ? cm Max length : 45.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (參考文獻 8812); 最大體重: 180.00 g (參考文獻 356); 最大年齡: 36 年 (參考文獻 8545)
Culmen: 4.53 cm; tarsus: 2.52 cm; wing: 30.5 cm.
Total Length: 43 to 45 cm; Wingspan: 86 to 94 cm (Ref. 8812). Pelagic (Ref. 122680). Coastal and oceanic islands, and offshore (Ref. 356). In beach, shoreline and pelagic zone (Ref. 116102). Pantropic, pelagic species. Strong flyer, high over the ocean. Forms large breeding colonies on tropical and subtropical islands on sand, coral and rock, with or without vegetation. Forages in flocks (Ref. 84934). Remains 10 to 20 m above water then descends and wheels in circles before grabbing its food (Ref. 356). Feeding techniques: air dipping and contact dipping from the water surface (Refs. 356, 96995). Diet consists of squid, goatfish, flyingfish and mackerel scad (Ref. 122680). Does not plunge dive and rarely stays long in water as plumage is not waterproof. Colonies may suffer heavy losses of eggs by predatory cats (Ref. 84934).
生命週期和交配行為
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Birds go to the island at night, 3 months before laying. Hatching peaks in the middle of April. Most fledging shows in June and leave the island at the beginning of August while the adults leave at the end of August (Ref. 96995).
主要參考資料
參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者
Lepage, D. 2007 Avibase -the World Bird Database. http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase.jsp [accessed 09/07/2007]. (參考文獻 7816)
IUCN 瀕危狀態
(參考文獻 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 19 February 2020
CITES狀態 (參考文獻 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
對人類具威脅
人類使用
FAO - Publication: search | FishSource |
工具
網路資源
基於模型的估計
回復力
(Ref. 69278): |
高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (K=5.28; tm=3; tmax=36) |
釣魚的脆弱性
(參考文獻 71543) |
High vulnerability (63 of 100). |
價格種類
(參考文獻 80766): |
Unknown. |
