Holothuria scabra   Jaeger, 1833

Sand fish

Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed.
Holothuria scabra  AquaMaps  Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Holothuria scabra

Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | CoL | ITIS | WoRMS

| Holothuriida | Holothuriidae

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range экология

ассоциированный с рифами; пределы глубины 0 - 10 m (Ref. 122).  Tropical; 30°N - 27°S, 32°E - 172°W (Ref. 107065)

распространение страны | регионы FAO | Ecosystems | места находок | интродукции

Indo-Pacific, excluding Hawaii.

Length at first maturity / Size / Вес / Возраст

Maturity: Lm ?, range 16 - ? cm Max length : 40.0 cm TL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 418); common length : 22.0 cm TL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 122); наибольший вес (опубликованные данные): 1.5 kg (Ref. 418)

Краткое описание морфология

Maximum total length: 35 cm, commonly 22 cm. Mean live weight: 300 g up to 1000 g (Ref. 122);1500 g (Ref. 418). Body-wall thickness: 0.6 cm. Body: oval, arched dorsally (bivium) and flattened ventrally (trivium). Bivium with characteristics wrinkles, covered by sediment when the animal is coming out of the bottom. Bivium with small papillae within black dots, and black podia ending in a disc of around 0.022 cm diameter; podia on trivium arranged irregularly, their calcareous disc around 0.035 cm in diameter. Mouth: ventral, surrounded by a collar of papillae and 20 grey, short and stout tentacles. Anus terminal, surrounded by a circle of 5 groups of radial papillae. Calcareous ring with a large medioventral radial piece. Cuvierian tubules absent. Color: highly variable; bivium whitish to dark brown, occasionally with dark transverse markings; trivium lighter, generally whitish. Spicules: very numerous; ventral tegument with tables and buttons, the tables having a moderately small disc, perforated by a varying number of holes of variable size, the spire with 4 pillars and a cross-like bridge, ending in a spiny crown with a hole in the middle; knobby buttons generally have 6 holes, occasionally more; small rods and denticulate plates also present; tables and buttons in dorsal tegument: tables with a nodose disc, much larger than in ventral tegument; buttons variable, larger, and more perforated than those in ventral tegument; ventral and dorsal podia with long and large spinose rods; tentacles with long spiny rods, small smooth rods, and large denticulate plates (Ref. 122).

биология     глоссарий (например epibenthic)

Populations can reach high densities up to 1 per square meter. Provides the principal share of the tropical Indo-Pacific production of béche-de-mer and is harvested throughout the area in artisanal fisheries. Collected by hand while wading on the reefs at low tide. The processing method is particular of this species: the sea cucumbers are buried overnight, and the next day the numerous spicules are removed by brushing the tegument. The processed product is of major commercial value and at present highly demanded (Ref. 122). Found in shallow waters, rarely in depths of more than 10 m; mostly on inner reef flats of fringing and lagoon-islets reefs, coastal areas under terrigenous influence, and near mangroves. Burrows in mud and sandy-muddy bottoms (Also Ref. 129602) where the populations can reach high densities up to 1 per square meter (Ref. 122). Found in silty sand, often near low saline areas and frequently on Cymodocea beds, from the intertidal to a depth of 10 m. It buries in sand part of the day but is gregarious in nature (Ref. 118). Also found in intertidal seagrass beds (Refs. 106849, 129602). Benthic detritus feeder; assimilates organic matter from muddy sandy sediments, among other food sources (Ref. 101695).

Life cycle and mating behavior половая зрелость | размножение | нерест | икра | Fecundity | личинки

Sexual reproduction takes place during warm season. A species with a high potential fecundity and early sexual maturity (Ref. 122).

Основная ссылка ссылки | координатор | соавторы

Conand, C. 1998. (Ref. 122)

Статус Красного Списка МСОП (Ref. 130435)

  Под угрозой исчезновения (EN) (A2bd); Date assessed: 18 May 2010

Статус СИТЕС (Ref. 108899)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Угроза для людей

Использование человеком

рыболовство: важный объект промысла
| FishSource |

инструменты

E-book | полевой определитель

ресурсы в Интернет

BHL | BOLD Systems | CISTI | DiscoverLife | FAO(Publication : search) | Fishipedia | GenBank (Геном, Нуклеотид) | GloBI | Gomexsi | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | PubMed | Tree of Life | Wikipedia (Вперёд, поиск) | Zoological Record

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 25.8 - 29.3, mean 28.6 (based on 2941 cells).
устойчивость к внешним воздействиям (Ref. 69278): высокий, минимальное время удвоения популяции до 15 месяцев (K=0.52).
Уязвимость (Ref. 71543): Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100).
Категория цены (Ref. 80766): Unknown.