| Main Ref. | Ruppert, E.E., R.S. Fox and R.D. Barnes, 2004 |
| Mode | |
| Fertilization | external |
| Mating type | |
| Spawning frequency | |
| Spawning aggregation | |
| Batch spawner | Ref. |
| Reproductive guild | |
| Parental Care | |
| Description of life cycle and mating behavior | Members of the superorder Thoracica are mostly hermaphroditic. Broadcast spawners, fertilization occurs in the mantle cavity. Life cycle: Eggs hatch into planktonic nauplii and leave the mantle cavity. Afterwards, they undergo six naupliar instars succeded by nonfeeding cypris larva (settling stage) which later metamorphose into adults. |
| Search for more references on reproduction | Scirus |