| Main Ref. | Xinjun, C., L. Bilin, T. Siquan, Q. Weiguo and Z. Xiaohu, 2007 |
| Mode | |
| Fertilization | internal (oviduct) |
| Spawning Frequency | throughout the year, but peaking once |
| Batch Spawner | Yes Ref. Xinjun, C., L. Bilin, T. Siquan, Q. Weiguo and Z. Xiaohu, 2007 |
| Reproductive Guild |
bearers Clutch tenders |
| Description of life cycle and mating behavior | Mating occurs in surface layers at night in "head to head" position without preliminary rituals; promiscuity probably common. Duration of copulation short: 0.5 to 2 minutes. Spawning takes place at night in the epipelagic zone all year round, with the duration of the spawning season for individual females up to 1 to 3 months. An intermittent, multibatch spawner. After spawning once, females continue to feed and grow, while the next portion of oocytes matures; then spawning begins again. Each subsequent batch is quasi-equal in egg numbers. Egg masses are pelagic, and they float above the upper pycnocline layer. Are fast-swimming, highly manoeuvrable, and nektonic; reacts very quickly to any change in its surroundings. Juveniles are capable of "flying" during daytime (Ref. 97142). |
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