Main Ref. | Mao, S. and B. Chen, 1980 |
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Remarks | Relatively found in tropical continental shelf waters (Ref. 78651), not often close to shore (Ref. 78391). Often seen on the surface in reef waters (Ref. 2357) and open waterways (Ref.75894). Inhabits loose sandy-silty bottoms, seagrass beds, solid substrates and in a lagoon (Ref. 2352). Sometimes nocturnal (Ref. 2352). Feeds on a variety of fishes (Ref. 2357) like gobies (Ref. 98471). Also feeds on commensal shrimps of the genus Alpheus sp. (Ref. 2352). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: mobile; demersal; Soft Bottom: sand; silt; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Cogger, H.G., 1975 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs: lagoons; |
Special habitats Ref. | Cogger, H.G., 1975 |
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Associations | |
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Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Cogger, H.G., 1975 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Cogger, H.G., 1975 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 4.50 | 0.80 | Tentative trophic level derived from 1 + troph of a single food item | ||
Ref. |