Ecology Summary - Pennaria disticha

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Ecology of Pennaria disticha

Main Ref.	Migotto, A.E., A.C. Marques, A.C. Morandini and F.L. da Silveira, 2002
Remarks	Distributed world-wide in warm seas (Ref. 3248). Known from tidal inlets, exposed areas of bays, including any ledges at their entrance, sounds, caves, shallow reefs, shallow coastal benthic habitats (< 25 m) (Ref. 86643), and on mangrove roots (Ref. 121478). Also found in Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, in patch reefs, high and low spur and groove zones, sand trough, outer ridge and fore-reef slopes on substrates composed of dead corals and gorgonians at depths of 2 to 18 m. As with other hydroids, this species exhibits a pelagic medusoid stage (Ref. 87156).

Main Ref.

Migotto, A.E., A.C. Marques, A.C. Morandini and F.L. da Silveira, 2002

Remarks

Distributed world-wide in warm seas (Ref. 3248). Known from tidal inlets, exposed areas of bays, including any ledges at their entrance, sounds, caves, shallow reefs, shallow coastal benthic habitats (< 25 m) (Ref. 86643), and on mangrove roots (Ref. 121478). Also found in Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, in patch reefs, high and low spur and groove zones, sand trough, outer ridge and fore-reef slopes on substrates composed of dead corals and gorgonians at depths of 2 to 18 m. As with other hydroids, this species exhibits a pelagic medusoid stage (Ref. 87156).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Pennaria disticha may be found.

Habitat

Substrate	Benthic: sessile; Pelagic; Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rubble;
Substrate Ref.	Spracklin, B.W., 1982
Special habitats	Coral Reefs: reef slope/drop-offs; reef flats; lagoons; vegetation ( roots/holdfast, );
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.	Migotto, A.E., A.C. Marques, A.C. Morandini and F.L. da Silveira, 2002
Associations	colony-forming/symphorism;
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	DeFelice, R.C., L.G. Eldredge and J.T. Carlton, 2001
Feeding habit	selective plankton feeding
Feeding habit Ref.	DeFelice, R.C., L.G. Eldredge and J.T. Carlton, 2001

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	original sample		unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition
From individual food items
Ref.

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