Ecology Summary - Spondylus americanus

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Ecology of Spondylus americanus

Main Ref.	Miloslavich, P., J.M. Díaz, E. Klein, J.J. Alvarado, C. Díaz, J. Gobin, E. Escobar-Briones, Motta, J.J. Cruz, E. Weil, J. Cortés, A.C. Bastidas, R. Roberston, F. Zapata, A. Martín, J. Castillo, A. Kazandjian and M. Ortiz, 2010
Remarks	Epibiotic. Found on hard substrate and coral reefs (Ref. 104365).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Spondylus americanus may be found.

Habitat

Substrate	Benthic: sessile; Hard Bottom;
Substrate Ref.	Miloslavich, P., J.M. Díaz, E. Klein, J.J. Alvarado, C. Díaz, J. Gobin, E. Escobar-Briones, Motta, J.J. Cruz, E. Weil, J. Cortés, A.C. Bastidas, R. Roberston, F. Zapata, A. Martín, J. Castillo, A. Kazandjian and M. Ortiz, 2010
Special habitats	Coral Reefs;
Special habitats Ref.	Turgeon, D.D., W.G. Lyons, P. Mikkelsen, G. Rosenberg and F. Moretzsohn, 2009

Associations

Acuan
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

feeding

Feeding type
Feeding type Ref.
Feeding habit	filtering plankton
Feeding habit Ref.	Ruppert, E.E., R.S. Fox and R.D. Barnes, 2004

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	original sample		unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition
From individual food items
Acuan