Main Ref. | Jereb, P. and C.F.E. Roper, 2010 |
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Remarks | Extremely broadly distributed in all oceans in tropical and subtropical zones; in the Atlantic known from 35° to 45°N to 35° to 40°S. Vertical range extends from subsurface epipelagic depths as paralarvae and undergoes very clear ontogenetic descent through the mesopelagic zone and into the bathypelagic waters to in excess of 2 000 m (Ref. 97142). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Pelagic; |
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Substrate Ref. | Jereb, P. and C.F.E. Roper, 2010 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Acuan | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Passarella, K.C. and T.L. Hopkins, 1991 |
Feeding habit | |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.67 | 0.56 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Acuan |