Main Ref. | Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993 |
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Remarks | Found both offshore, near the coast in many areas (Ref. 1394) and shelf waters (Ref. 122680). Commonly in groups of 10 to 20 individuals on feeding grounds (Ref. 801). They are active lunge feeders (Ref. 1394). Known as 'gulpers,' feeding in separate events, often lunging at large schools of fish (Ref. 122680). Feeds primarily on fish, but they also take invertebrates (Ref. 1394) like krill (Ref. 122680). Oceanodromous (Ref. 75906). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Pelagic; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber, 1993 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly plants/detritus (troph. 2-2.19) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Best, P.B., 2001 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 4.10 | 0.70 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |