Common names from other countries
Classification / Names / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 深度上下限 0 - 3 m (Ref. 61016), usually 0 - 1 m (Ref. 61016). ; 86°N - 35°N, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 124582)
Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean and the Arctic.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm Max length : 51.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 8812); 最大體重: 580.00 g (Ref. 356)
Culmen: 5.503 cm; tarsus: 5.08 cm; wing: 33.02 cm.
Total Length: 45 to 51 cm; Wingspan: 102 to 112 cm (Ref. 8812). A northern hemisphere species of medium to large birds. Ability to delay fertilization of ovum during breeding by presence of microtubules in the uterovaginal area as sperm-storage glands (Ref. 87784) Surface seizing; shallow plunging; up to 300 km from colony; ice-associated (Ref. 356). A northern hemisphere species and one of the largest global population of seabirds at >10 million individuals. Often scavengers; foraging technique of being able to harvest prey underwater (Ref. 87784). Largely dependent on pelagic prey. In the North Sea off the east coast of Scotland and northern England, is known to feed on the sandeel, Ammodytes marinus (Ref. 95711). Before pair formation, female prospecting period characterized by visiting different parts of the colony and even different colonies. Older breeders often return to breeding colony earlier than young birds and have the highest nesting success. Copulation takes place inshore and the delayed fertilization of the ovum happens out at sea, allowing birds to feed while egg is forming and prior to the long fasts during egg incubation. Monogamy important due to intensive nest site defense, that may extend for months prior to egg-laying; also as male and female share feeding and guarding shifts during brooding. Chicks accumulate huge amount of nonstructural body fat during development, up to 30% of body mass, prior to fledging; prefledging mass recession completely due to water loss in tissues as they attain functional maturity. Field Metabolic Rates (FMR) decrease with wind speed in this species. Vulnerable to long-line fisheries (Ref. 87784).
主要參考資料
參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者
Gray, C.M., R.A. Phillips and K.C. Hamer. 2003. (Ref. 91621)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 07 August 2018
CITES狀態 (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
人類使用
| FishSource |
工具
網路資源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 0.4 - 14.5, mean 5.8 (based on 2846 cells).
回復力
高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (K=34.48-34.63).
瀕危性
Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
價格種類
Unknown.
